Etymograph

English

bray

Bray comes from Old French brai ‘of an animal: to bray’, and goes back to Proto-Indo-European *bʰreHg- ‘to smell, have a strong odour’.

  1. Proto-Indo-Europeanc. 4500–2500 BCE*bʰreHg-‘to smell, have a strong odour’root as named · steps between not traced
  2. Old Frenchc. 842–1400brai‘of an animal: to bray’
  3. Middle Englishc. 1150–1500brayen‘of a person or animal: to vocalize loudly’
  4. Englishearliest quotation 1667bray

attested reconstructed ? uncertain or disputed

Lineage

  1. Proto-Indo-Europeanc. 4500–2500 BCE*bʰreHg-‘to smell, have a strong odour’root as named · steps between not traced
  2. Old Frenchc. 842–1400brai‘of an animal: to bray’
  3. Middle Englishc. 1150–1500brayen‘of a person or animal: to vocalize loudly’
  4. Englishearliest quotation 1667bray

Earliest quotation: 1667, John Milton, Book VI: “[N]ow ſtorming furie roſe, / And clamour ſuch as…”

The story

The verb is derived from Middle English brayen, brai, bray, braye (‘of a person or animal: to vocalize loudly; of the weather: to make a loud sound, howl, roar’), from Old French brai, braire (‘of an animal: to bray; of a person: to cry or shout out’) (modern French braire (‘of an animal: to bray; of a person: to shout; to cry, weep’)), possibly from Vulgar Latin *bragiō, from Gaulish *bragu (compare Breton breugiñ (‘to bray’), brammañ (‘to flatulate’), Cornish bramma, brabma (‘to flatulate’), Old Irish braigid (‘to flatulate’)), from Proto-Celtic *brageti, *bragyeti (‘to flatulate’), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreHg- (‘to flatulate; to stink’); cognate with Latin fragrō (‘to smell’). Alternatively, the word could be from a Germanic source, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *brekaną (‘to break’), and cognate with frangere (‘to break, shatter’).disputed Scholars disagree here; the competing view is quoted as the source gives it.

Linked words

through Proto-Indo-European *bʰreHg- ‘to smell, have a strong odour’

bran, brach

Another origin of bray

  1. Proto-Indo-Europeanc. 4500–2500 BCE*bʰreg-‘to break’root as named · steps between not traced
  2. Anglo-Normanc. 1066–1400breier
  3. Middle Englishc. 1150–1500brayen‘to break or crush into pieces’
  4. Englishtodaybray

Today it means

verb Of an animal (now chiefly of animals related to the ass or donkey, and the camel): to make its cry.

Language periods are conventional ranges, not dates for this word.

Etymograph / Proto-Indo-European *bʰreHg- / bray