English
murder
Murder comes from Middle English murder, an alteration of murthre, from Old English morþor, from Proto-Germanic *murþrą.
- Proto-Indo-Europeanc. 4500–2500 BCE*mer-‘to die’reconstructed
- Proto-Indo-European, derivedc. 4500–2500 BCE*mr̥tro-‘killing’reconstructed
- Proto-Germanicc. 500 BCE–200 CE*murþrą‘death, murder’reconstructed
- Proto-West Germanicc. 200–500 CE*morþrreconstructed
- Old Englishc. 450–1150morþor‘secret slaying’
- Middle Englishc. 1150–1500murthre‘murder’
- Middle English, derivedc. 1150–1500murder
- Englishearliest quotation 1577murder
attested reconstructed ? uncertain or disputed deepest recorded ancestor
Lineage
- Proto-Indo-Europeanc. 4500–2500 BCE*mer-‘to die’reconstructed
- Proto-Indo-European, derivedc. 4500–2500 BCE*mr̥tro-‘killing’reconstructed
- Proto-Germanicc. 500 BCE–200 CE*murþrą‘death, murder’reconstructed
- Proto-West Germanicc. 200–500 CE*morþrreconstructed
- Old Englishc. 450–1150morþor‘secret slaying’
- Middle Englishc. 1150–1500murthre‘murder’
- Middle English, derivedc. 1150–1500murder
- Englishearliest quotation 1577murder
Earliest quotation: 1577, Raphaell Holinshed, The Historie of Englande: “In the meane time it chaunced, that Marcus Papyrius…”
The story
From Middle English murder, murdre, mourdre, alteration of earlier murthre (‘murder’) (see murther), from Old English morþor (‘secret slaying, unlawful killing’) and Old English myrþra (‘murder, homicide’), both from Proto-West Germanic *morþr, from Proto-Germanic *murþrą (‘death, killing, murder’), from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥tro- (‘killing’), from Proto-Indo-European *mer-, *mor-, *mr̥- (‘to die’). The -d- in the Middle English form may have been influenced in part by Anglo-Norman murdre, from Old French murdre, from Medieval Latin murdrum (whence the English doublet of murdrum), from Frankish *morþr, *murþr (‘murder’), from the same Germanic root, though this may also have been wholly the result of internal development (compare burden, from burthen and spider, from spiþra).
Linked words
through Proto-Indo-European *mer- ‘to die’
march, remember, marine, nightmare, maritime, mortality, marsh, mortal, mere, mortar, mare, mara, moor, morbid, mort, morn, muller, ambrosia, marinate, moribund, marinara, maar, cormorant, 62 more
Today it means
noun An act of killing a person unlawfully, especially with predetermination.
Language periods are conventional ranges, not dates for this word.
Etymograph / Proto-Indo-European *mer- / murder